Chiropractic CE Events

Would you like to use your chiropractic skills to help people living with brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, spina bifida, or multiple sclerosis? Health First Colorado (Colorado's Medicaid Program) has a unique program where qualifying Coloradoans living with these conditions can receive chiropractic, acupuncture, and massage therapy. They are looking for chiropractic providers across Colorado. If you are interested and would like to learn more, please watch this On Demand Product, brought to you by the State of Colorado. Check out a flyer here for more information about the waiver.

This course was originally presented by Phylllis Frase-Charrette on January 8, 2019 and sponsored by ChiroHealth USA. A solid foundation in chiropractic terminology is an essential skill for all chiropractic assistants. After all, your ability to communicate and assist your doctor hinges on your ability to speak and understand the lingo. This session will provide a fundamental grasp of commonly used medical terms, abbreviations, and acronyms used in the chiropractic office.This course was originally presented by Phylllis Frase-Charrette and the Illinois Chiropractic Society on January 8, 2019 and sponsored by ChiroHealth USA. This course has been shared with permission. Due to this course being from Illinois Chiropractic Society, CCA Member discounts do not apply.

Medical necessity is a concept frequently emphasized in chiropractic CE requirements. This presentation highlights the importance for practitioners to provide patient care using standard healthcare industry protocols. It explores how an integrated model can enhance compliance and foster a thriving practice, revealing strategies used by successful practices to establish medical necessity and effectively communicate their value to third-party payers. This course demystifies compliance, clarifying expectations for optimal patient care. Attendees will learn the fundamentals of proper documentation, not only to validate clinical outcomes but also to educate third-party payers and patients on the efficacy of their treatment plans. The session aims to equip chiropractors with the knowledge to confidently demonstrate medical necessity, ensure compliance in treatment, and accurately document plans and clinical outcomes.

An experienced car accident lawyer shares insight into what PI attorneys and auto insurance claims adjusters look at when reviewing chiropractic records, what MedPay is and how to get it, and other avenues to get paid for the treatment you provide. This on-demand course is essential for chiropractors seeking to optimize their practice's financial health and compliance when handling personal injury cases. Participants will gain actionable strategies for accurate documentation and effective billing, ensuring proper compensation and reducing legal risks in complex motor vehicle collision scenarios.

This course, presented by Primitive Reflex Integration Plus, LLC, explores the intricate connection between primitive reflexes and sensory integration. It is specifically designed for chiropractors who work with individuals experiencing sensory challenges, offering valuable insights and practical strategies. Participants will learn to identify, understand, and effectively address retained primitive reflexes that significantly impact sensory processing and regulation, ultimately helping patients achieve better sensory integration and overall well-being.

This course is designed to review key anatomy and movements of the thoracic spine, shoulders, and ribs. Dr. Wong will teach common conditions and patterns of subluxation in these body parts that frequently present in clinical practice. The importance of the shoulders and ribs to mid/upper thoracic and lower cervical spine stability will be expounded upon. You will learn how to analyze the patient, identify subluxation patterns, and render treatment that may include home and lifestyle care. It involves the comprehension of examination and adjusting procedures for the shoulder, ribs, and thoracic spine as well.

This course addresses the scrutiny faced by billing and documentation of therapeutic procedures from carriers like BCBS. Participants will learn proper methods to document the rationale behind therapeutic procedures and how to accurately bill for reimbursement, ensuring all components such as documentation, medical necessity, modifiers, and correct diagnosis and CPT codes align. This class is designed for everybody; doctors, staff and billers! Led by Dr. Mario Fucinari, a Certified Professional Compliance Officer and Medicare Carrier Advisory Committee member, this class provides essential insights into compliance and optimal billing practices for therapeutic procedures. Dr. Fucinari brings over 35 years of experience in running a successful chiropractic office, sharing his expertise on documentation, compliance, and patient care.

This 1-hour on-demand course provides a comprehensive review of the digestive system's anatomy and physiology. Participants will delve into essential topics such as nutrient absorption, macromolecule breakdown, and common digestive pathologies, gaining valuable insights into the complexities of gastrointestinal health.Designed for convenience, this course allows you to learn at your own pace. Please note that access to on-demand products expires on the last day of the calendar year, requiring completion within the calendar year of purchase to ensure credit.

This course provides an overview of responsible pain management principles with a focus on integrating chiropractic care into treatment plans. Students will learn about evidence-based approaches to pain management, emphasizing non-pharmacological interventions and the crucial role of chiropractic care in addressing musculoskeletal pain.The program highlights individualized treatment planning, multidisciplinary collaboration, and empowering patients to effectively manage their pain by focusing on its root cause rather than just symptoms. Please note that access to on-demand products expires on the last day of the calendar year and must be viewed/completed within the calendar year of purchase.

In this program, featuring Dr. Dan Dock and presented by CDI, you'll learn about whiplash injuries. Dr. Dock will be joined throughout the program by several guest contributors who will discuss regenerative medicine and pathology, as well as injections and record keeping.This comprehensive course delves into critical aspects of whiplash, covering diagnosis, treatment, and patient management. Participants will gain insights into the detection of subluxation, neurological implications, and effective physical examination techniques. Furthermore, the program addresses essential topics like documentation, coding, and relevant governmental regulations, equipping practitioners with the knowledge to manage whiplash cases thoroughly and compliantly.

Our options for advertising continue to expand at breakneck speed in the current Information Age. We have an almost limitless format and media choices that are tossed at us in the form of recommendations by practice management firms and calls from advertising sales representatives. However, along with the wide variety of exposure opportunities comes the potential risk of advertising violations in the complex legal arena that encompasses federal, state, and case law. This course will give attendees the necessary information to make lawful decisions regarding advertising their practice. The information and core principles discussed in this webinar will be applicable regardless of the advertising medium.Important Update: On December 7, 2016, the OIG released a statement regarding Gifts of Nominal Value after the recording this webinar. The limits for Medicare gifts and inducements have been increased from $10 to $15 per gift and from $50 to $75 annual per patient. This course was presented in April 2016 by Marc Abla, CAE.

Join Dr. Heffner as he discusses how, when, and why to use Electrodiagnostic (EDX) testing in your office. This course provides essential insights for practitioners looking to integrate advanced diagnostic tools into their practice. Electrodiagnostic (EDX) testing, encompassing nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG), serves as a crucial diagnostic method for assessing nerve and muscle function. NCS evaluates a nerve's capacity to conduct electrical impulses, while EMG measures muscle electrical activity both at rest and during contraction, offering a comprehensive view of neuromuscular health.

This on-demand course, 'HIPAA Matters During the Coronavirus,' addresses the critical need for chiropractic offices to understand and adhere to HIPAA guidelines amidst the COVID-19 crisis. It emphasizes mitigating vulnerabilities whether an office is open, closed, or preparing to reopen, providing a crucial framework for maintaining compliance during uncertain times.Led by Dr. Mario Fucinari, the program guides participants through assessing risks related to the COVID-19 virus, developing emergency plans for patient access, and documenting risk assessments. Attendees will learn to write essential policies and procedures for operating a chiropractic office in emergency mode, ensuring robust compliance and patient safety.

Scoliosis affects 6-8 million people every year. In this webinar, Dr. Gerstin will discuss the management options for Scoliosis patients both young and old. Participants will also understand the important role chiropractic plays in management and when co-management is needed. This course was originally presented by Dr. Gersin on June 13, 2024, and sponsored by Align Wellness Center.

During this webinar, Dr. Petrocco-Napuli will discuss pregnancy-related foot changes, many of which have long-term effects on the mother's future pedal health and gait pattern. The course will also cover general assessment techniques and common lower extremity conditions that impact pregnant females. Attendees will gain a comprehensive overview of these pregnancy-related foot changes, equipping them with valuable knowledge to provide effective treatment and wellness options for their patients.

In today's practice, it isn't "œif" you are going to be audited, but rather, "œwhen." As such, it's an absolute necessity for today's practices to understand why audits happen, to know how to properly respond to a records request, and to recognize red flags. This important training will outline real-time issues that actual practices are being targeted for, what they are doing about them, and how to avoid them. Knowledge is power, and practices must equip themselves with audit preparedness tools. This course covers what an audit truly is and why payors and organizations conduct compliance and documentation audits. Participants will learn step-by-step suggestions for responding to an audit, including what to do when a records request arrives, which is often the first sign of an impending audit. The training also highlights how billing patterns and coding habits can draw unwanted third-party attention, providing crucial insights to help practitioners avoid common pitfalls and reach out for professional guidance when necessary.

Healthcare is evolving, and patients demand results regardless of the payment source. Acknowledging the "functional" diagnoses that contribute to a patient's "structural" issues is critical. Research indicates that 80% of adults will experience low back pain (LBP) in their lifetime. This webinar, presented by Dr. Tim Bertelsman and Dr. Brandon Steele in August 2016, equips attendees with practical, evidence-based techniques for effectively addressing and alleviating patients' complaints. Enhance your clinical outcomes with these actionable skills, and engage with experts from ChiroUp during this informative session.

During this engaging hour, Dr. Aikenhead will review four case studies. At the conclusion, chiropractic physicians will be able to: identify patient presentation (age, sign, physical exam) with abdominal aortic aneurysm; identify spondylosis deformans and intervertebral osteochondrosis, as well as their significance; and identify Bertolotti's syndrome.This on-demand course offers valuable insights for chiropractic physicians looking to enhance their diagnostic skills in lumbar spine imaging. By reviewing real-world case studies, participants will gain practical knowledge to accurately identify critical conditions like abdominal aortic aneurysm, spondylosis deformans, intervertebral osteochondrosis, and Bertolotti's syndrome, ultimately improving patient care and diagnostic precision.

This presentation addresses the pain complaints that many patients present with from a biomechanical and physiological perspective. In addition to compromised biomechanics, failure to address chronic inflammation may prolong or delay the response to care. We will discuss the most common biomechanical and postural imbalances as well as the causes of chronic inflammation and explore ways to quantify the inflammatory response to provide effective treatment options.This course was originally presented by Dr. Jensen on July 12, 2022, and sponsored by Foot Levelers, Inc.

This lecture provides a comprehensive update on the contemporary literature surrounding Acupuncture and Dry Needling. Participants will explore pertinent anatomy, physiology, and valuable clinical pearls, with discussions covering the physiological effects of acupuncture, the importance of incorporating segmental levels and the multifidus in treatment, and the proven effectiveness of dry needling for conditions such as TMJ, back pain, and radicular disorders. The course also delves into the physiological effects of needling at trigger points, offering evidence-based insights for practitioners.Designed for chiropractic professionals, this on-demand course offers 1 CE credit, including 1 DC Acupuncture credit, subject to the TN Board of Chiropractic Examiners' rules and regulations regarding scope of practice and continuing education. It is crucial to note that this program does not provide "training" in dry needling. Access to the course content expires on the last day of the calendar year in which it is purchased, requiring completion within that timeframe.

This course delves into the intricate mechanics of the human body, viewing it as a kinetic chain where fixed segments are made mobile by joints. Participants will gain comprehensive knowledge of rehabilitation techniques specifically designed for conditions involving kinetic chain dysfunction. Understanding how aberrant motion in one joint can profoundly affect neighboring joints and segments is a core focus.The curriculum emphasizes practical, low-tech approaches to address common dysfunctional conditions, equipping practitioners with actionable strategies. This program offers valuable insights into restoring optimal body function, making it an essential learning opportunity for chiropractors seeking to enhance their rehabilitation skills and patient outcomes.

This on-demand course, led by Dr. Kurt Juergens, offers insights into the sports medicine team and the chiropractor's crucial role in caring for student-athletes. Drawing from 30 years of experience with world-class athletes, Dr. Juergens will guide participants on building trusted relationships with other healthcare providers. Attendees will gain a clear understanding of their position within the sports medicine team. The course further enhances practical skills through case studies, demonstrating rehabilitation protocols for both surgical and non-surgical lower extremity athletic injuries. This pre-recorded webinar is sponsored by Foot Levelers.

This course, "Government Compliance in Crisis (Part IV)," provides essential insights into critical compliance requirements for chiropractic practices. Participants will gain a comprehensive understanding of the proper use of the ABN form and learn about the specific compliance needs associated with spinal fusion. The curriculum also guides attendees through the process of constructing required policies to ensure their practice operates within governmental regulations.Furthermore, the program addresses vital aspects of practice management and oversight, including the implementation of audit logs and the identification of necessary training topics for staff. Attendees will explore best practices for conducting physical plant audits and developing effective disciplinary policies, equipping them with the knowledge to maintain a compliant and well-managed chiropractic office.

Dr. Juergens, with 26 years of experience treating athletes, will share valuable tools for establishing a successful sports chiropractic practice. Attendees will learn the best practices for building trusting relationships with other healthcare providers and the importance of treating every patient like an athlete. This course provides essential strategies for positioning oneself as a sports injury specialist within the community. It was originally presented in July 2016 by Dr. Kurt Juergens and sponsored by Foot Levelers, Inc.

Shoulder injuries affect an estimated 7% to 67% of the general population, with even higher rates seen in athletes. This course provides essential insights into clinical evaluation, differential diagnosis, and effective management strategies for these common injuries. Participants will learn evidence-based, practical rehabilitation techniques designed to optimize patient outcomes. Originally presented as a webinar, this on-demand offering ensures you can enhance your skills at your convenience.

This introductory webinar explores the opportunity for practitioners to engage with the emerging market of Functional Medicine. It covers how to properly introduce Functional Health Recovery to both existing patients and the local community as a public service. Following the introduction, the webinar provides an overview of the first four steps of Functional Health Recovery, including effective communication strategies to explain these steps in layman's terms to patients. This course was originally presented in January 2018 by Dr. Bill Hemmer and sponsored by Standard Process.

This course, led by posture expert Dr. Steven Weiniger, introduces an exciting new methodology for healthcare professionals and their patients to effectively observe, communicate, and promote optimal posture. It explores how adaptive posture directly influences motion and establishes the fundamental baseline for all locomotor function.Drawing on current research, the program emphasizes the critical importance of improving vertical alignment. Attendees will learn how these principles can functionally enhance pain management and contribute significantly to long-term patient longevity and overall well-being.

Join Drs Morker, Rizvi, and Shah as they provide a general overview of Acute and Chronic Pain Management in the current medical climate. The team will discuss the current opioid epidemic crisis as well as an overview of the CDC guidelines in addition to the 2019 Pain Management Inter-agency Task Force from the department of Health and Humane Services. They will explain the importance behind the buzz and true meaning behind "multimodal pain management" and discuss the various interventional treatment options that are offered to help improve patients' pain, quality of life and improve their functionality. This course was originally presented by the panelist on August 25, 2020, and sponsored by Aligned Modern Health.

This 1-hour webinar will discuss the unique healing abilities of light therapy (aka Photobiomodulation), and how it is the perfect adjunct in the Chiropractic setting for nearly all ages of patients and conditions. This course offers valuable insights for practitioners looking to integrate advanced therapeutic modalities into their practice. Research supporting the mechanisms of action and the benefits of Photobiomodulation (PBM), specifically for pain control and nerve and tissue healing for conditions commonly encountered in the chiropractic office will be presented. Applications for both chronic and acute cases will be introduced, providing practical knowledge for immediate clinical application.

Join Neurologist, Dr. Danielle Rice, as she discusses the latest treatments for Multiple Sclerosis. This course provides valuable insights into managing this complex condition. This course was originally presented on March 7, 2023, by Dr. Rice and sponsored by Advocate Health Care, offering a comprehensive overview of current therapeutic approaches and patient care strategies.

Protecting patients and yourself is paramount and the main reason that licensure is required for x-ray operation. This module reviews protection and reminds the student the importance of radiation protection including how protection might improve your x-ray images. This essential course ensures practitioners are up-to-date with critical safety protocols, enhancing both patient care and the quality of diagnostic imaging. By mastering radiation protection techniques, participants will not only meet licensure requirements but also gain valuable insights to optimize their radiographic practices.

Dr. Pat Kennedy will discuss in detail how the Opioid Crisis began, how it is currently affecting the US population, and how the Chiropractic profession can play a significant role as the most viable solution to this crisis. This course provides essential insights for chiropractors looking to understand and actively contribute to solving one of the most pressing public health challenges, empowering them to offer a non-pharmacological approach to pain management.

As more patients recover from COVID-19 with some patients developing forms of Long Covid, there is greater awareness on the detrimental effects that viral infections can have on the autonomic nervous system. Patients and medical professionals are becoming more aware of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and other forms of dysautonomia, leading to increased diagnosis and more patients seeking care. This one-hour course will provide an overview of recognizing patients with different forms of autonomic dysfunction and how chiropractors may play a role in these disorders.This essential one-hour course equips chiropractors with the knowledge to identify and understand various forms of autonomic dysfunction, particularly POTS, which is increasingly prevalent. By understanding the chiropractic role in managing these complex conditions, practitioners can expand their scope of care, offer much-needed support to a growing patient population, and enhance their clinical practice with relevant, up-to-date information on post-viral syndromes and dysautonomia.

This two-hour session integrates gait analysis, pathology recognition, and precision casting into a single comprehensive learning experience. Participants will refine their understanding of how forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot mechanics contribute to overuse patterns, tissue stress, and compensation through the kinetic chain.Through live demonstrations and hands-on discussion, the course details step-by-step casting in subtalar neutral, evaluation of pedigraph prints, recognition of leg length discrepancies, and communication with orthotic fabrication labs to ensure accurate modifications. Clinicians will leave with a clear framework for identifying dysfunction, capturing ideal casts, and improving patient outcomes with individualized orthotic design.

This 6-hour bundle conveniently packages several of our most popular presentations regarding some of the more common, as well as not-so-common conditions you may encounter in your practice. This comprehensive package includes titles such as "Chiropractic Management for POTS & Dysautonomia," "Conservative Management of Cervical Radiculopathy," and "The Amazing Trap," offering diverse insights into patient care. Further enhancing your clinical knowledge, the bundle features "Shoulder Complex and Ribs: Critical Components of Cervicothoracic Stability," "Successful ADHD Care," and "Time to Get a 'Grip'." These on-demand courses provide valuable continuing education credits, allowing practitioners to deepen their understanding of various conditions and refine their treatment approaches at their own pace, with access expiring at the end of the calendar year of purchase.

This course, presented by Dr. Annette Schippel, delves into the critical role of adrenal glands in achieving improved energy and overall vitality. Participants will learn how to assess adrenal health and function, understanding the necessary support for systemic balance. The webinar highlights the adrenals' profound influence on the entire endocrine system, including the thyroid, blood sugar, digestive system, steroid hormones, and immune function.Discover what might be missing in your approach to patient care or personal well-being by exploring the intricate connections within the endocrine system. This valuable continuing education offering provides insights into achieving true vitality through adrenal balance, equipping chiropractic physicians and staff with knowledge to enhance patient outcomes.

This course, presented by Dr. Annette Shippel, focuses on the endocrine system, specifically thyroid function and its connection to overall hormonal balance. It emphasizes understanding how the thyroid interacts within the endocrine system and highlights the key nutrients essential for proper function, aiming to improve patient vitality. Designed for chiropractic physicians and staff, this on-demand nutritional series offers high-quality continuing education. It provides valuable insights into improving energy and hormonal balance through a comprehensive overview of the endocrine system, making it a crucial resource for practitioners looking to enhance their patient support.

The world of the fees we charge in our office can be incredibly challenging. We are regularly faced with making sure that our fees are usual and customary, but faced with the inevitable lower fee schedules from our preferred provider networks. Additional questions are brought into play when we begin to look at discounts, free services, pre-paid plans, fee splitting, hardships, and more. This essential course provides clarity on complex billing and collection issues, including insurance, legal compliance, and risk management. Participants will gain critical insights to ensure their fee structures are legal and ethical, protecting their practice while navigating various payment scenarios.

As Medicare Advantage plans gain popularity among eligible patients, they also present enrollment and billing challenges that can disrupt clinical operations. These difficulties can affect billing, patient and insurance collections, and the overall practice-patient relationship. This one-hour webinar guides participants through the end-to-end process of navigating Medicare Advantage, offering practical tips for simplifying claims management and improving efficiency with this payer.Key takeaways from this course include understanding what Medicare Advantage is and its impact on patients and practice, expected coverage from these plans, and how to identify them from the start. Participants will also gain key insights into Medicare Advantage provider enrollment and learn best practices for claims preparation and billing. This on-demand webinar, originally presented on March 4, 2025, is sponsored by Practisync.

This webinar provides an essential update for chiropractic physicians on the best management options for scoliosis. Participants will enhance their clinical knowledge and practical skills for assessing and managing scoliosis patients, incorporating the latest evidence-based information on screening, diagnosis, and non-surgical approaches. The course was originally presented by Dr. Paul Fisher on June 19, 2018. This program also clarifies the chiropractor's role within the healthcare community, identifying when chiropractic management is appropriate and when co-management or collaboration is beneficial. Learning outcomes include performing accurate scoliosis screenings, differentiating postural deviations, conducting effective clinical examinations, and understanding modern scoliosis bracing techniques and their supporting evidence.

Presented by Dr. Marty Kotlar, DC, CPCO, CBCS, a Certified Coding & Compliance Expert, this informative one-hour webinar covers crucial aspects of creating better SOAP notes. Participants will learn how to effectively prove medical necessity, establish compliant exam and re-exam procedures, and understand the descriptions for codes 97110, 97112, 97140, and 97530. The course also delves into the proper application of time-based codes, offering chiropractors valuable insights into documentation best practices. Originally presented in September 2016 and sponsored by Target Coding, this on-demand program is designed to enhance coding accuracy and risk management in chiropractic practices.

Healthcare is changing- and regardless of who is ultimately paying for your care, they want results! Now, more than ever, you must recognize the 'functional' diagnoses that contribute to your patient's 'structural' problems. In this chapter of their 'Explosive Outcomes' series, Dr.'s Bertelsman & Steele will discuss the identification and successful management of Hip Abductor Weakness a commonly overlooked 'functional' problem that delays recovery. You will leave this webinar with practical, evidence-based skills for quickly resolving your patient's complaints and immediately improving your clinical outcomes.This course was presented by Dr. Tim Bertelsman and Dr. Brandon Steele and sponsored by ChiroUp.

Join Tim Pate as he discusses the three factors involved in manufacturing dietary supplements, emphasizing the importance of following FDA rules regarding supplements and natural products. This course also highlights false marketing terms prevalent in the supplement industry, providing valuable insights for practitioners. It was originally presented on September 22, 2020, and sponsored by NuMedica.

Join Dr. Kotlar as he discusses DC-PT integration. This webinar is designed for DCs that are thinking about hiring or partnering with a licensed physical therapist and is also great for established DC-PT practices looking for rock-solid coding and compliance procedures. This course was originally presented by Dr. Marty Kotlar on May 12, 2020, and sponsored by Target Coding.

Dr. Hemmer's course, "The How - 12 Steps of Functional Health Recovery," delves into the behavioral science of empowering patients to take greater responsibility for their health outcomes. It specifically covers steps 5 through 8 of Functional Health Recovery, aiming to elevate each patient's personal power and guide them towards unconscious competence in their health decisions. The program emphasizes practical application by highlighting specific communication phrases and stories designed to enhance understanding and facilitate patient engagement. Originally presented in January 2018 by Dr. Bill Hemmer and sponsored by Standard Process, this course offers valuable insights for practitioners looking to improve patient self-management and recovery.

Chiropractors facing diminishing reimbursement for passive procedures will find immense value in this one-hour on-demand webinar. Dr. Tim Bertelsman, DC DACO, guides attendees through the appropriate utilization of active care exercise, demonstrating specific and proven regimens for managing common neck and back conditions. The course focuses on efficiently incorporating exercise prescription into daily practice, alongside essential billing parameters to secure better reimbursement.This practical and informative session is designed to help practitioners get results with fewer denials by leveraging evidence-based therapeutic exercises. Participants will gain actionable insights to enhance patient care and practice profitability, ensuring they can confidently implement active care strategies that are both clinically effective and financially viable.

With all the fear, angst, and bad news about documentation being circulated, where is a chiropractor to turn? This webinar is your answer. Your goal is to present your documentation in a clear, concise and legible format that is easily understood by your reader. The challenge is that your reader may be another health care provider, your board, or a third party payer's medical necessity auditor. This course was presented by Kathy Mills-Chang, MSC-P and sponsored by Foot Levelers.

Join Dr. Schneider for an informative discussion on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of vertebrogenic pain. The session will include case studies on the Intracept procedure, a minimally invasive outpatient treatment for vertebrogenic pain. This procedure involves a small 4mm incision and no implanted hardware, allowing patients to resume or start chiropractic care within two weeks. Most patients experience significant relief during this period, enabling them to return to their chiropractic routines with minimal limitations.